Section 34: Problem 8 Solution
Working problems is a crucial part of learning mathematics. No one can learn topology merely by poring over the definitions, theorems, and examples that are worked out in the text. One must work part of it out for oneself. To provide that opportunity is the purpose of the exercises.
James R. Munkres
As in the previous exercise we want to cover
with a countable collection of open subspaces such that each one has a countable basis. For
take open metrizable
containing
, find open
such that
.
is a closed subspace of a Lindelöf space, i.e. Lindelöf. It is also metrizable, therefore, being Lindelöf is equivalent to being second-countable. Hence,
is an open second-countable (in the subspace topology) neighborhood of
. Now cover
with such neighborhoods, find a countable subcovering, and prove that the countable union of countable bases of all open sets in the subcovering is a countable basis of
. Therefore,
is regular and second-countable. Hence, metrizable. We used the regularity twice: to find a neighborhood with the closure within a given neighborhood, and to argue that the space being regular and second-countable is metrizable. If the space is Hausdorff, Lindelöf and locally metrizable then it is not necessarily metrizable. To find a counterexample we need a space which is Hausdorff but not regular.
is such a space. It is also Lindelöf but not metrizable. The only question is whether it is locally metrizable. The subspace topology on
and
is the same as the standard sub-topology, therefore, metrizable. The only question is now whether 0 has a metrizable neighborhood. But
is its neighborhood with the same topology as the standard one, therefore, it is metrizable.