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Section 18: Problem 9 Solution

Working problems is a crucial part of learning mathematics. No one can learn topology merely by poring over the definitions, theorems, and examples that are worked out in the text. One must work part of it out for oneself. To provide that opportunity is the purpose of the exercises.
James R. Munkres
Let be a collection of subsets of ; let . Let ; suppose that , is continuous for each .
(a) Show that if the collection is finite and each set is closed, then is continuous.
(b) Find an example where the collection is countable and each is closed, but is not continuous.
(c) An indexed family of sets is said to be locally finite if each point of has a neighborhood that intersects for only finitely many values of . Show that if the family is locally finite and each is closed, then is continuous.
(a) The pasting lemma applied several times. Or, we can just say that for a closed , (this follows from the fact that ) is a finite union of closed sets (this follows from the fact that every is closed).
(b) on , on are continuous, but on is not. The reason is that if the collection is not finite, the union of preimages as in (a) may be not closed, as is the case for , for example.
(c) Let be a closed subset of . Then (this follows from the fact that ). Suppose . There is a neighborhood of such that it intersects only a finite number of sets in the collection: . For each : is closed in and, therefore, closed in (as is closed). Moreover, . Hence, there is a neighborhood of such that . The intersection is a neighborhood of such that . We conclude that is closed.