Section 18: Problem 9 Solution
Working problems is a crucial part of learning mathematics. No one can learn topology merely by poring over the definitions, theorems, and examples that are worked out in the text. One must work part of it out for oneself. To provide that opportunity is the purpose of the exercises.
James R. Munkres
Let
be a collection of subsets of
; let
. Let
; suppose that
, is continuous for each
.
(a) Show that if the collection
is finite and each set
is closed, then
is continuous.
(b) Find an example where the collection
is countable and each
is closed, but
is not continuous.
(c) An indexed family of sets
is said to be locally finite if each point
of
has a neighborhood that intersects
for only finitely many values of
. Show that if the family
is locally finite and each
is closed, then
is continuous.
(a) The pasting lemma applied several times. Or, we can just say that for a closed
,
(this follows from the fact that
) is a finite union of closed sets (this follows from the fact that every
is closed).
(b)
on
,
on
are continuous, but
on
is not. The reason is that if the collection is not finite, the union of preimages as in (a) may be not closed, as is the case for
, for example.
(c) Let
be a closed subset of
. Then
(this follows from the fact that
). Suppose
. There is a neighborhood
of
such that it intersects only a finite number of sets in the collection:
. For each
:
is closed in
and, therefore, closed in
(as
is closed). Moreover,
. Hence, there is a neighborhood
of
such that
. The intersection
is a neighborhood of
such that
. We conclude that
is closed.