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Section 33: Problem 6 Solution

Working problems is a crucial part of learning mathematics. No one can learn topology merely by poring over the definitions, theorems, and examples that are worked out in the text. One must work part of it out for oneself. To provide that opportunity is the purpose of the exercises.
James R. Munkres
(a) The intersection of -neighborhoods of a closed set (see exercise 2 of §27) is the set itself: since the set is closed, for a point outside it there is a neighborhood that does not intersect the set. Therefore, a metric space being normal is perfectly normal as well.(b) Let be a pair of separated sets, and be two continuous functions that vanish precisely on and , respectively. Let . It is continuous, and .(c) We need some completely normal space that is not perfectly normal. This should be a normal space such that there is a closed set which is not set. What types of completely normal spaces we know so far: metric, ordered and regular second-countable. Metric spaces are perfectly normal. In fact, I looked up ahead, and have realised that the Urysohn Theorem states that a regular second-countable space is metrizable. So, this leaves us with the option to find an ordered space with a closed set that is not set. The obvious example is . Its largest element is the one that causes all the problems with the space: it is not separable, it is not Lindelöf, it is not second-countable — all because of the basis at . And, I believe, for the same reason it is not perfectly normal. For each set in any countable collection of neighborhoods of find a basis neighborhood contained in the neighborhood. Then has an upper bound, and the intersection cannot be .