Section 31: Problem 8 Solution
Working problems is a crucial part of learning mathematics. No one can learn topology merely by poring over the definitions, theorems, and examples that are worked out in the text. One must work part of it out for oneself. To provide that opportunity is the purpose of the exercises.
James R. Munkres
Let
be a space; let
be a topological group. An action of
on
is a continuous map
such that, denoting
by
, one has:
(i)
for all
.
(ii)
for all
and
.
Define
for all
and
; the resulting quotient space is denoted
and called the orbit space of the action
.
Theorem. Let
be a compact topological group; let
be a topological space; let
be an action of
on
. If
is Hausdorff, or regular, or normal, or locally compact, or second-countable, so is
.
[Hint: See Exercise 13 of §26.]
Let
be the quotient map. Then
, compact as the continuous image of the compact space
. Suppose now, that
is closed. We show that
is closed. This would imply that
is closed, therefore,
is a closed quotient map, and we can use the previous two exercises to prove what we are asked to (instead, as suggested in the hint, one could try to use Exercise 13(b) of §26). Let
. For every
,
. Since
is continuous and
is open,
is open, and there is some basis neighborhood
of
such that
does not intersect
. The union of all
covers
. Since
is compact, take a finite subcovering, the corresponding finite intersection
of
is a neighborhood of
such that
does not intersect
. Therefore,
does not intersect
.