Section 31: Problem 8 Solution
Working problems is a crucial part of learning mathematics. No one can learn topology merely by poring over the definitions, theorems, and examples that are worked out in the text. One must work part of it out for oneself. To provide that opportunity is the purpose of the exercises.
James R. Munkres
Let 
 be a space; let 
 be a topological group. An action of 
 on 
 is a continuous map 
 such that, denoting 
 by 
, one has:
(i) 
 for all 
.
(ii) 
 for all 
 and 
.
Define 
 for all 
 and 
; the resulting quotient space is denoted 
 and called the orbit space of the action 
.
Theorem. Let 
 be a compact topological group; let 
 be a topological space; let 
 be an action of 
 on 
. If 
 is Hausdorff, or regular, or normal, or locally compact, or second-countable, so is 
.
[Hint: See Exercise 13 of §26.]
Let 
 be the quotient map. Then 
, compact as the continuous image of the compact space 
. Suppose now, that 
 is closed. We show that 
 is closed. This would imply that 
 is closed, therefore, 
 is a closed quotient map, and we can use the previous two exercises to prove what we are asked to (instead, as suggested in the hint, one could try to use Exercise 13(b) of §26). Let 
. For every 
, 
. Since 
 is continuous and 
 is open, 
 is open, and there is some basis neighborhood 
 of 
 such that 
 does not intersect 
. The union of all 
 covers 
. Since 
 is compact, take a finite subcovering, the corresponding finite intersection 
 of 
 is a neighborhood of 
 such that 
 does not intersect 
. Therefore, 
 does not intersect 
.
