Section 36*: Problem 4 Solution
Working problems is a crucial part of learning mathematics. No one can learn topology merely by poring over the definitions, theorems, and examples that are worked out in the text. One must work part of it out for oneself. To provide that opportunity is the purpose of the exercises.
James R. Munkres
In the proof of the Theorem 36.1 the first step was to show the result of this question for finite families of open set covering
. The essential part of the proof is to construct each
such that
. We need the first inclusion to ensure that it covers
, and the last one for later construction of a partition of unity. In the finite case we construct
’s one-by-one such that
contains
. Note that at the last step
covers all of
, therefore, all points of
are covered. If the covering is countable, and we use the same way to construct sets
’s, then, in general, we cannot guarantee that each point will be contained in some set
. However, if every point
is contained in a finite number of sets
, then for some
,
does not contain
and, since
contains
,
must be contained in
. Therefore, the collection of
’s constructed the same way as in the theorem, does cover all of
.[ To construct a counterexample we would need a space such that it is a) normal, b) there is a countable cover by open subsets
(not point-finite) such that there is no other cover
such that
. I have been thinking about the example for a while, but have not figured out one yet. The fact that the space is normal implies, in particular, that the construction above is possible. On the other hand, it seems that the construction is, in some sence, necessary... What I mean is that for any set
, a)
must cover
, therefore, it must cover
, and b) it must be such that
. So, if there are
’s for
’s, then they can be constructed using the procedure above. Our only hope is to find a space such that whatever sequence
we take using the procedure above, there will be a point such that it is not covered. In particular, when we define
such that
there must be some points in
not covered by
such that each is contained in an infinite number of sets
. ]